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NMC OSCE – CANDIDATES COMMON MISTAKES

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NMC OSCE – CANDIDATES COMMON MISTAKES

Subcutaneous Injection

Top Tips:

  • Practice this skill and understand the differences between subcutaneous and intramuscular injections.
  • Carefully read the prescription.
  • Bring a sharps bin to the patient. If forgotten, use the provided tray to transport sharps safely.

Common Mistakes:

  • Using insulin syringe to administer insulin at a 45-degree angle instead of the correct technique 90 – degree.
  • Failing to properly check patient identification.
  • Lacking knowledge of the differences between intramuscular and subcutaneous injections.
  • Not preparing the skin before administration.
  • Incorrect technique for subcutaneous injection.
  • Administering the wrong medication dose.
  • Unsafe handling of sharps.

STRATEGIES FOR MANAGING STRESS, BURNOUT, AND MAINTAINING A HEALTHY WORK-LIFE BALANCE

Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)

Top Tips:

  • Practice giving clear instructions to ensure patient understanding.
  • Accurately document all three readings, recording the highest value on the nursing documentation.

Common Mistakes:

  • Failing to provide complete instructions for the procedure.
  • Incorrectly documenting or omitting the highest of the three readings.

SOLUTION TO PREMATURE EJACULATION IN MEN

Midstream Specimen of Urine (MSU) & Urinalysis

Top Tips:

  • Rehearse instructions for obtaining a midstream urine sample.
  • Familiarize yourself with the procedure and the required equipment.
  • Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE).
  • Read reagent strips correctly, following the timing indicated on the bottle.
  • Dispose of the sample and equipment properly.
  • Educate patients based on the results obtained.

Common Mistakes:

  • Failing to instruct the patient on proper cleansing before specimen collection.
  • Not checking the expiry date or condition of reagent strips.
  • Poor hand hygiene technique.
  • Not using PPE when handling bodily fluids.
  • Contaminating the reagent strip by incorrect handling.
  • Failing to immerse and remove the strip correctly.
  • Incorrect timing when reading results.
  • Inaccurate documentation of findings.

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Intramuscular Injection (IM)

Top Tips:

  • Understand the differences between subcutaneous and intramuscular injections.
  • Carefully read the prescription.
  • Always bring a sharps bin; if forgotten, use the tray provided.

Common Mistakes:

  • Failing to check the sterility and integrity of equipment.
  • Incorrectly recording administration (missing date/signature).
  • Using the wrong needle to draw medication.
  • Poor hand hygiene.
  • Not using a sharps bin or tray to transport equipment.
  • Incorrect injection technique.
  • Unsafe sharps disposal.
  • Not fully verbalizing prescription checks.
  • Failing to demonstrate the safe scoop method for drawing medication.

Fluid Balance (FB)

Top Tips:

  • Read the summary carefully to ensure accurate documentation.
  • Use the calculator for accuracy.
  • Utilize blank paper as needed for calculations.

Common Mistakes:

  • Incomplete fluid balance charts.
  • Incorrect recording of input, output, or total calculations.
  • Failing to establish the patient’s fluid balance.
  • Missing signature and printed name.

APIE – ASSESSMENT STATION, NMC OSCE

Catheter Specimen of Urine (CSU)

Top Tips:

  • Remove the clamp if used.
  • Use a non-touch technique.
  • Wear PPE throughout the procedure.

Common Mistakes:

  • Running out of time during the assessment.
  • Forgetting to remove the clamp.
  • Taking the sample from the wrong port (e.g., balloon inflation port instead of sampling port).
  • Not disinfecting the sampling port before collection.

MANAGING MENSTRUAL PAIN

Aseptic Non-Touch Technique (ANTT)

Top Tips:

  • If contamination occurs, verbalize the mistake and corrective action.
  • Follow proper hand hygiene at all necessary points.
  • Work as a lone practitioner and maintain sterility.

Common Mistakes:

  • Failing to check sterility and integrity of equipment.
  • Running out of time before completing the procedure.
  • Poor hand hygiene, including after opening packaging.
  • Not wearing PPE.
  • Contaminating the sterile field.
  • Using improper techniques (e.g., reusing a swab for wound cleaning).

WHICH COUNTRY IS GOOD FOR NURSING JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR OVERSEA NURSES?

Administration of Inhaled Medication (AIM)

Top Tips:

  • Familiarize yourself with the inhaler device.
  • Carefully read the prescription.
  • Develop a step-by-step approach for accuracy.
  • Keep explanations concise.

Common Mistakes:

  • Not waiting the correct time between doses.
  • Skipping essential safety checks before administration.
  • Incomplete documentation (missing date/signature).
  • Poor hand hygiene.
  • Running out of time due to excessive patient education.

HOW TO DETECT SCAM NURSING AGENCIES PROMISING OVERSEAS JOBS

APIE: Evaluation

Top Tips:

  • Read all statements carefully before responding.
  • Ensure transfer of care/referral letters provide a full and accurate patient history.
  • Document allergies and reactions.
  • Consider the patient’s progress, condition, and care needs.

Common Mistakes:

  • Omitting allergy documentation.
  • Failing to include essential details such as name, date, and reason for transfer.
  • Providing an incorrect diagnosis or referral reason.
  • Excluding relevant spiritual or family care needs.
  • Not identifying risks related to the patient’s deterioration.
  • Referring to irrelevant care interventions.

MUST SOLVED MCQ BEFORE SITTING FOR YOUR EXAMS – PAEDIATRIC NURSING, NMC LICENSURE EXAMINATION

APIE: Implementation

Top Tips:

  • Practice reading Medication Administration Records (MAR) aloud.
  • Develop a strategy to identify medications the patient is allergic to.
  • Check the timing of the last analgesia dose.
  • Explain the purpose of each medication.
  • Check pulse rate before administering Digoxin.
  • Do not sign the MAR until the examiner confirms medication intake.
  • Ensure timely and accurate documentation.

Common Mistakes:

  • Administering medication at the wrong time or despite allergies.
  • Incomplete or inaccurate documentation.
  • Lacking knowledge of prescribed medications.
  • Not systematically reviewing the MAR.
  • Failing to check prescription validity (dose, route, prescriber’s signature).
  • Signing the MAR before medication is taken.
  • Incorrect dosage administration.
  • Running out of time.
  • Skipping patient identification checks.
  • Not administering any medication within the given time.

A NEW DAWN, A HIDDEN SECRET

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A NEW DAWN, A HIDDEN SECRET

Chapter 1: The Leap of Faith

Amara Okoye stood on the veranda of her small family home in Lagos, her hands trembling as she clutched her plane ticket to London. Her heart felt torn. Her husband, Emeka, stood silently beside her, holding their youngest child. Their two children, Ada and Chukwuma, clung to her legs, their innocent faces looking up at her with confusion and sadness.

“Amara, are you sure about this?” Emeka asked softly, his voice heavy with worry.

She nodded, wiping a tear from her cheek. “It’s for all of us. I’ll work hard, save, and bring you and the kids over as soon as I can. We deserve a better life, Emeka.”

With a final embrace, Amara said goodbye to her family, friends, and the life she had always known. As the plane ascended into the sky, she prayed for strength and a brighter future.

Chapter 2: A Harsh Welcome

Arriving at Heathrow Airport, Amara’s excitement quickly turned into anxiety. She waited for hours, scanning the crowd for the agent who was supposed to pick her up. No one came. Her calls went unanswered. Exhausted, hungry, and unfamiliar with the cold London weather, she sat on a bench, her suitcase by her side. Tears blurred her vision as she realized she had no plan B.

By chance, a kind woman named Mirabelle Konadu approached her. Mirabelle, a Ghanaian nurse, listened to Amara’s story and offered her a place to stay.

“Don’t worry, my sister,” Mirabelle said warmly. “You’re not alone. God brought you to me for a reason.”

Amara moved into Mirabelle’s small flat, sharing space with Mirabelle and her husband, Kofi. Despite the initial relief, life in London was far from easy. With Mirabelle’s help, Amara found work as a support worker, earning enough to send some money home to her family.

Chapter 3: Strained Bonds

Months passed, and tension grew in Mirabelle’s home. Kofi’s patience wore thin, and he eventually demanded Amara leave. Heartbroken but determined, Amara began searching for her own place.

One day, a British colleague named Bred overheard her struggles. “I live alone in a two-bedroom apartment,” he offered. “If you’re comfortable, you can stay with me for a while and save up for your own place.”

Desperate, Amara agreed. Bred proved to be kind and supportive, treating her with respect. He did the grocery shopping, and Amara cooked for them both. For the first time in months, she felt a sense of stability.

Chapter 4: A Forbidden Night

One evening, Bred invited Amara out to dinner. The night was filled with laughter and a sense of freedom Amara hadn’t felt in a long time. Bred drank more than he should have, and by the time they returned home, he was mildly intoxicated.

Amara helped him to his room, but as she turned to leave, he pulled her into an unexpected kiss. She tried to resist, but his grip was strong, and in a moment of weakness, they crossed a line. That night, Amara’s guilt consumed her, but the act repeated itself in the days that followed. Their bond deepened, despite Amara’s efforts to maintain her loyalty to her husband.

Chapter 5: The Consequences

Weeks later, Amara discovered she was pregnant. The revelation shattered her. When she told Bred, he was overjoyed.

“Amara, this child means the world to me,” he said. “You don’t have to stay, but please, let me raise this baby. You’ll still have your family, and I’ll make sure you have everything you need.”

Conflicted, Amara wrestled with the decision. She thought of Emeka and her children back in Nigeria. How could she betray their trust? But Bred’s unwavering support during her pregnancy softened her resolve. He fulfilled his promise, helping her secure British citizenship and ensuring she could eventually bring her family to the UK.

Chapter 6: A New Chapter

After giving birth to a healthy baby boy, Ted, Amara weaned him and moved to Manchester. She rented her own apartment and worked tirelessly to bring Emeka and their children to the UK. When they finally reunited, tears of joy filled their eyes. Her husband’s love and trust made her question whether she should reveal the truth about Ted’s existence.

Amara is torn between two seas. She is so confused and disturbed. She could not completely detach herself from her UK family, not to mention the pain of not seeing her own child for months. Therefore, she visits every two months to see Ted. Bred had told Ted that his mother goes away because of work. Ted loves her deeply and always wants to see her on video calls when she is away. Sometimes, Amara hides in the toilet or finds a secret place to talk to her own son. She is silently dying and weeping every day.

“What should I do, Lord? What kind of situation have I found myself in?” Amara whispered in despair.

During her visits, she prepares different kinds of soups, stews, and assorted dishes, keeping them in the fridge for Bred and Ted. She takes Ted to playgrounds, buys him ice cream, and showers him with motherly love. Her room in Bred’s house remains untouched, kept as she left it, serving as a memory of their time together.

Emeka senses that something is eating away at his wife, but he cannot unravel the truth. The secret is that Emeka does not know he is on a visiting visa that will soon expire. Amara had divorced him before marrying Bred to gain UK citizenship. Now, five months since her family’s arrival, the moment of sadness and guilt has reached its peak.

Amara, after buying a test strip from the pharmacy, tests positive. She is pregnant again. Who is responsible? As the saying goes, only the pregnant woman knows the father of her unborn child.

Now, Emeka has agreed to return to Nigeria to bring African food and herbs for their new baby. But will he come back? Amara’s mother is the only one who knows all her secrets. Will Emeka return to the UK, or is this the beginning of a tragic unravelling?

Moral Lessons

  1. Resilience and Determination: Amara’s story highlights the sacrifices and challenges faced when striving for a better life. Her determination to succeed, despite setbacks, inspires perseverance.
  2. The Weight of Secrets: Secrets can erode trust and relationships. Honesty, though difficult, often paves the way for healing and growth.
  3. Kindness and Humanity: Mirabelle and Bred’s generosity remind us of the importance of helping others in their time of need.
  4. The Consequences of Actions: Every decision has consequences. Amara’s choices, though made under challenging circumstances, illustrate the complexities of human emotions and the importance of accountability.

Epilogue: The Ultimate Question

Should Amara tell Emeka the truth? Should her children know they have a brother somewhere? What should she do now that she is pregnant again?

Readers, what would you do in Amara’s situation?

MANAGING MENSTRUAL PAIN

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MANAGING MENSTRUAL PAIN

Menstrual pain, or dysmenorrhea, is a common condition that many women experience during their menstrual cycles. Here’s a breakdown of medical treatments, home remedies, and signs for when you should see a doctor.

Home Remedies for Menstrual Pain

  1. Heat Therapy:

Use a heating pad, hot water bottle, or warm compress on the lower abdomen. Heat relaxes the muscles and improves blood flow, reducing cramps.

  • Stay Hydrated:

Drink plenty of water to avoid bloating and cramping. Warm water or herbal teas like ginger or chamomile are particularly soothing.

  • Exercise:

Light exercises like walking, yoga, or stretching release endorphins, which act as natural painkillers.

  • Dietary Changes:

Eat anti-inflammatory foods like fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and fatty fish. Avoid caffeine, alcohol, and salty foods during your period.

Eat Magnesium-rich foods (e.g., spinach, bananas, dark chocolate) can also help.

  • Essential Oils:

Massage the abdomen with diluted essential oils like lavender, clary sage, or peppermint to ease cramps.

  • Ginger and Turmeric:

Ginger tea or adding turmeric to meals can help reduce inflammation and pain.

  • Rest and Relaxation:

Stress can worsen menstrual pain, so practices like meditation, deep breathing, and adequate sleep are helpful.

  • Herbal Supplements:

Some women find relief with supplements like evening primrose oil, fennel seeds, or vitamin B1. Always consult a doctor before starting any supplement.

Medical Treatments for Menstrual Pain

  1. Over-the-Counter Pain Relievers:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen or naproxen are highly effective. They work by reducing the production of prostaglandins, which cause cramping.

Acetaminophen (paracetamol) can also help but is less effective than NSAIDs.

  • Birth Control Pills:

Hormonal contraceptives can regulate or lighten periods and reduce cramping. They prevent ovulation, which decreases prostaglandin production.

  • Prescription Medications:

If OTC pain relievers are ineffective, a doctor may prescribe stronger NSAIDs or hormonal treatments like a progestin IUD (e.g., Mirena).

  • Muscle Relaxants:

In some cases, muscle relaxants can help alleviate severe cramps.

  • Surgical Options:

If underlying conditions like endometriosis or fibroids cause severe pain, surgery (e.g., laparoscopy) may be necessary.

When to See a Doctor

It’s important to consult a healthcare professional if:

  1. Pain Is Severe or Debilitating:

If cramps prevent you from performing daily activities, it may indicate a more serious issue like endometriosis or adenomyosis.

  • Pain Lasts Longer Than Normal:

Menstrual cramps should typically last no more than 2–3 days. Prolonged pain could signal an underlying condition.

  • Symptoms Are Unusual:

Heavy bleeding (changing pads/tampons every 1–2 hours), large blood clots, or irregular periods should be evaluated.

  • Pain Is Unresponsive to Medications:

If OTC medications and home remedies don’t help, a doctor may need to investigate further.

  • Other Symptoms Are Present:

Pain accompanied by fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dizziness, or pelvic pain outside of menstruation requires medical attention.

  • You’ve Recently Had Changes in Your Menstrual Cycle:

Significant changes in flow, cycle length, or pain level should not be ignored.

  • You Have a Known Condition:

If you’ve been diagnosed with PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome), endometriosis, or fibroids, worsening symptoms may need treatment.

Red Flags Requiring Immediate Attention

  • Sudden and severe pelvic pain.
  • Signs of infection, such as foul-smelling discharge, high fever, or chills.
  • Pain following an intrauterine device (IUD) insertion that doesn’t subside.

TIPS ON PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE (PEFR) – NMC OSCE

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TIPS ON PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE (PEFR) – NMC OSCE

Top Tips for PEFR Assessment:

Give Clear Instructions:

  • Make sure your instructions are simple and easy for the patient to understand. Use plain language and demonstrate if needed.
    • Explain the procedure step-by-step, so the patient knows exactly what to do during the test.

Document Accurately:

  • Record all three PEFR readings clearly on the nursing documentation.
    • Identify and document the highest value out of the three readings, as this is the one that will be used for assessment.

Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them:

Incomplete Instructions:

  • Issue: Some candidates didn’t explain the procedure well enough for the patient to perform it correctly.
    • Solution: Always ensure the patient understands how to blow into the peak flow meter. For example:
      • “Take a deep breath in, place your lips tightly around the mouthpiece, and blow out as hard and fast as you can.”

Incorrect Documentation:

  • Issue: Some candidates failed to record the readings accurately or forgot to highlight the highest value.
    • Solution: Double-check your documentation to ensure it includes:
      • All three readings.
      • The highest of the three acceptable readings, as required by the nursing guidelines.

TIPS ON REMOVING A URINARY CATHETER (RUC) – NMC OSCE

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TIPS ON REMOVING A URINARY CATHETER (RUC) – NMC OSCE

Key Tips:

Wear the Right PPE: Always wear gloves and any other necessary protective equipment before handling the catheter to maintain hygiene and prevent infection.

Remove the Balloon Water First: Ensure the water in the catheter’s balloon is completely removed before attempting to take out the catheter.

Non-Traumatic Clamp Use: If you use a clamp to minimize discomfort, don’t forget to remove it at the end of the procedure.

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

Not Wearing Gloves: Many candidates fail to wear gloves when cleaning the sampling port or handling the catheter, which is a serious infection control breach.

Incorrect Balloon Water Removal: Some candidates do not withdraw the correct amount of water from the balloon, which can cause issues during removal.

Improper Technique: A common error is attempting to remove the catheter without fully deflating the balloon, which can cause pain and tissue damage.

Simplified Process:

Wear gloves and other PPE for protection.

Clean the catheter port before starting.

Use a syringe to carefully withdraw all the water from the balloon.

Gently remove the catheter, ensuring the balloon is deflated.

If you used a clamp, make sure to remove it before finishing the procedure.

Practicing these steps helps ensure patient safety and prevents complications during catheter removal.

TIPS ON PLANNING STATION – APIE NMC OSCE

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TIPS ON PLANNING STATION – APIE NMC OSCE

Simplified Explanation and Tips

Planning involves creating a detailed care plan based on the person’s needs and the issues identified during the assessment. Here’s how to approach it effectively:

Top Tips:

  1. Identify Key Problems:
    • Focus on the most important issues the person is experiencing, such as pain, anxiety, difficulty moving, or trouble breathing.
    • If they have recently had surgery, think about common post-operative problems they might face, like pain, nausea, or risk of infection.
  2. Document Self-Care Abilities:
    • Record what the person can do for themselves. For example, can they eat, dress, or move independently? This goes in the “self-care” section.
  3. Set Review Times:
    • Decide how often to check on the problems you’ve identified. For example, if they’re in pain, you should review them much sooner than 24 hours later.
  4. Stay Focused:
    • Only include information that directly relates to the issues you’ve identified. Avoid irrelevant details.
  5. Complete All Sections:
    • Make sure all parts of the planning documentation are filled out properly. Don’t skip anything!

Common Mistakes to Avoid:

  • Missing Self-Care Details: Forgetting to document what the person can manage on their own.
  • Lack of Specific Nursing Actions: Not including detailed, evidence-based interventions to address the identified problems.
  • Identifying Irrelevant Problems: Missing key issues and focusing on unrelated information, like equipment use, without addressing the care priorities.
  • Omitting Review Times: Failing to specify when the problems will be reassessed.
  • Documentation Errors: Not signing, dating, or printing your name on the care plan.

SOLUTION TO PREMATURE EJACULATION IN MEN

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Premature Ejaculation (PE): Causes, Effects, and Treatment

Premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the most common sexual dysfunctions in men, characterized by ejaculation occurring sooner than desired, often before or shortly after penetration. It can lead to distress, frustration, and challenges in relationships. Below is a detailed overview:

Causes of Premature Ejaculation

1. Psychological Causes

  • Anxiety: Performance anxiety or general stress can reduce control over ejaculation.
  • Depression: Mental health disorders can impact sexual function.
  • Relationship Issues: Poor communication, unresolved conflicts, or emotional disconnect can contribute.
  • Conditioned Response: Early sexual experiences with hurried ejaculation (e.g., due to fear of being caught) may establish a pattern.

https://menshealthclinic.com/uk/treatments/premature-ejaculation?msclkid=5b51b92390eb1104dbaedeb771653e34

2. Biological Causes

  • Neurochemical Imbalances: Abnormal levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin may affect ejaculation timing.
  • Hormonal Issues: Low testosterone levels or thyroid dysfunction can influence sexual performance.
  • Prostate or Urethral Infections: Inflammation in these areas may increase sensitivity, leading to early ejaculation.
  • Erectile Dysfunction (ED): Men with ED may rush intercourse to avoid losing an erection, inadvertently causing PE.
  • Genetics: Some evidence suggests a hereditary link to PE.

3. Lifestyle and Other Factors

  • Substance Use: Excessive alcohol, smoking, or drug use may impact sexual performance.
  • Fatigue: Physical or mental exhaustion can impair control.
  • Lack of Sexual Experience: Inexperienced men may struggle with timing.

Effects of Premature Ejaculation

1. On the Individual

  • Emotional Distress: Feelings of shame, guilt, or inadequacy.
  • Decreased Self-esteem: Reduced confidence in sexual performance.
  • Avoidance of Intimacy: Fear of disappointing a partner can lead to withdrawal from sexual activity.
  • Impaired Quality of Life: Anxiety about PE can affect overall mental well-being.

2. On Relationships

  • Sexual Dissatisfaction: Both partners may feel unsatisfied with the sexual relationship.
  • Communication Strain: Difficulty discussing the issue openly can lead to misunderstandings.
  • Emotional Disconnect: Persistent issues may create resentment or detachment.

3. On Physical Health

  • Performance Anxiety: Repeated PE episodes can cause chronic anxiety, potentially exacerbating the condition.
  • Prolonged Stress: Physical and emotional stress can worsen other health conditions, like hypertension.

Treatment of Premature Ejaculation

1. Psychological and Behavioural Therapies

  • Counselling or Sex Therapy:
    • A therapist can address underlying psychological causes such as anxiety or relationship problems.
  • Behavioural Techniques:
    • “Stop-Start” Technique: The man pauses stimulation before ejaculation to regain control.
    • “Squeeze” Technique: The partner applies gentle pressure to the head of the penis to reduce arousal.
    • Desensitization Training: Gradual exposure to sexual stimuli to improve control.
    • HOW TO DETECT SCAM NURSING AGENCIES PROMISING OVERSEAS JOBS

2. Medications

  • Topical Anaesthetics:
    • Creams or sprays containing lidocaine or prilocaine can reduce penile sensitivity.
  • Oral Medications:
    • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): Antidepressants like paroxetine, sertraline, or fluoxetine are effective in delaying ejaculation as a side effect.
    • Dapoxetine: A short-acting SSRI specifically approved for PE.
    • Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitors: Drugs like sildenafil (Viagra) or tadalafil (Cialis) may help men with both PE and ED.
  • Tramadol:
    • An analgesic that can delay ejaculation, though it is not commonly used due to potential dependence.

3. Lifestyle Changes

  • Regular Exercise: Improves overall physical and mental health.
  • Stress Management: Practices like meditation, yoga, or mindfulness can reduce anxiety.
  • Healthy Diet: A balanced diet promotes better sexual health.
  • Limiting Substance Use: Reducing alcohol, smoking, or drug intake can improve sexual function.

4. Pelvic Floor Exercises

  • Kegel Exercises:
    • Strengthening the pelvic floor muscles can improve control over ejaculation.
    • Practice involves identifying the muscles used to stop urination, contracting them for 5-10 seconds, and releasing them.

5. Alternative Therapies

  • Acupuncture: May help improve control by addressing stress and energy flow.
  • Herbal Supplements:
    • Certain supplements like ashwagandha, gingko biloba, or tribulus terrestris are believed to enhance sexual performance, though evidence is limited.

6. Partner Involvement

  • Encouraging open communication and mutual understanding can reduce pressure and improve the couple’s sexual relationship.

MUST SOLVED MCQ BEFORE SITTING FOR YOUR EXAMS – PAEDIATRIC NURSING, NMC LICENSURE EXAMINATION

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical advice if:

  • PE is persistent and causing distress.
  • There are underlying health conditions (e.g., ED, prostatitis, or hormonal imbalances).
  • Home treatments and lifestyle changes fail to improve the condition.

Prognosis

With appropriate treatment, most men can effectively manage premature ejaculation and improve their sexual satisfaction and relationships. Treatment may involve a combination of methods tailored to the individual’s needs and the underlying causes of the condition.

POSTPARTUM LOCHIA: WHAT TO EXPECT AND WHEN TO SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION

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POSTPARTUM LOCHIA: WHAT TO EXPECT AND WHEN TO SEEK MEDICAL ATTENTION

Lochia is the vaginal discharge that occurs after childbirth as the uterus sheds its lining and heals. After the placenta detaches from the uterus following birth, it leaves behind open blood vessels at the site of attachment, causing bleeding into the uterus. Once the placenta is delivered, the uterus continues to contract, helping to close these blood vessels and significantly reduce bleeding. These contractions also aid in shedding the remaining uterine lining that supported the baby during pregnancy and in returning the uterus to its normal size.

It is a natural process that helps clear out blood, mucus, and other tissues from the uterus. Lochia occurs after both C-sections and vaginal births as the uterus contracts and heals from placenta removal. However, women who have had a C-section may experience lighter bleeding compared to those with vaginal deliveries. Sometime contraction does not occur well leading to postpartum haemorrhage which is fatal and needs Doctor’s attention.

Lochia typically lasts for about 4–8 weeks postpartum, but its duration and appearance can vary among individuals. Use super-absorbent period pads within this period because bleeding can be heavy at first and change to normal when it tapers off. Change the pads regularly, washing your hands before and afterwards to prevent infections.

MUST SOLVED MCQ BEFORE SITTING FOR YOUR EXAMS – PAEDIATRIC NURSING, NMC LICENSURE EXAMINATION

Types of Lochia

Lochia is classified into three stages based on its colour, composition, and timing:

  1. Lochia Rubra (Red or Bright Red Discharge):

Timeframe: Occurs during the first 1–4 days postpartum.

Characteristics:

Bright red or dark red in colour due to the presence of fresh blood.

Contains blood, fragments of the uterine lining, mucus, and possibly small clots.

Heaviest flow, similar to a heavy menstrual period. You may notice the bleeding is redder and heavier when you breastfeed. This happens because breastfeeding makes your womb contract in response to the Oxytocin released associated to the milk let-down.  If you’ve been lying down for a while and blood has collected in your vagina bleeding may be heavier. You may also feel cramps similar to period pains.

Normal Signs:

May have a mild odour.

Warning Signs:

Large clots (bigger than a golf ball) or an extremely foul odour could indicate complications like retained placental tissue or infection. Please escalate to your midwife or GP

  1. Lochia Serosa (Pinkish-Brown Discharge):

Timeframe: Occurs from about day 4 to day 9 postpartum.

Characteristics:

Pinkish or brownish in colour as the blood flow decreases.

Contains old blood, serum, leukocytes (white blood cells), and mucus.

Lighter flow compared to lochia rubra.

Normal Signs:

Gradual reduction in volume.

Warning Signs:

Sudden return of bright red blood may indicate overexertion or a postpartum complication.

HOW TO DETECT SCAM NURSING AGENCIES PROMISING OVERSEAS JOBS

  1. Lochia Alba (Whitish-Yellow Discharge):

Timeframe: Occurs from day 10 up to 4–6 weeks postpartum.

Characteristics:

Yellowish-white or creamy in colour.

Contains fewer red blood cells and primarily mucus, leukocytes, and epithelial cells.

Light flow or spotting.

Normal Signs:

Minimal odour or none at all.

Warning Signs:

Foul-smelling discharge with or without fever and chills could suggest Postpartum infection, call your midwife or Doctor.

Nursing Considerations

Monitor Lochia:

Assess the colour, amount, and odour of lochia regularly to ensure it follows the normal progression.

Check for clots and unusual changes in the flow pattern.

Educate the Mother:

Inform the mother about what to expect with lochia and the signs of complications.

Advise her to avoid heavy physical activity or straining, as this can increase bleeding.

Encourage regular urine output even if she does not feel it. Because at this time bladder maybe less sensitive than normal due to the changes the body is going through. Full bladder prevents uterine contraction leading to postpartum haemorrhage

AN AFRICAN CARER IMPREGNATES HIS PATIENT IN UK

Report Abnormalities:

Alert the healthcare provider if there are signs of haemorrhage, infection, or retained placental tissue.

Bright red spotting after lochia has lightened may be eschar bleeding, caused by the placenta’s scab dissolving around 10 days postpartum. It typically lasts only a few hours. If heavy report to your Doctor.

Patientlifematters: By understanding and monitoring lochia, healthcare providers can help ensure a safe and healthy postpartum recovery.

SOME SIMPLE BUSINESSES TO START WITH LESS THAN GHc1000 IN 2025

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SOME SIMPLE BUSINESSES TO START WITH LESS THAN GHc1000 IN 2025

1. Mobile Money Business

  • Overview: Operate a mobile money (MoMo) agent service where people deposit, withdraw, and transfer money.
  • What You’ll Need:
  • A mobile phone or smartphone.
  • A MoMo vendor license from telecom operators like MTN, Telecel, or Vodafone.
  • An initial capital for transactions (minimum required is often around 500-1000 Ghana cedis).
  • How to Start:
  • Contact mobile money service providers to register as an agent.
  • Set up a small stand in a busy location or near a market.
  • Potential Profit: Earn commissions on each transaction; the business is in high demand in Ghana.

2. Graphic Designing

  • Overview: Design flyers, posters, logos, or business cards for individuals or businesses.
  • What You’ll Need:
  • A basic laptop or smartphone.
  • Graphic design software (e.g., Canva or free tools like GIMP).
  • How to Start:
  • Learn basic graphic design through free online tutorials.
  • Market your services to local businesses, churches, and social media platforms.
  • Potential Profit: High, as businesses always need affordable designs.

3. Liquid Soap Production

  • Overview: Produce and sell liquid soap for washing dishes, cars, and floors.
  • What You’ll Need: Ingredients like caustic soda, soda ash, perfume, and colorants (costing around 200-500 Ghana cedis).
  • How to Start:
  • Learn the production process from online tutorials or short workshops.
  • Sell to individuals, schools, restaurants, and shops.
  • Potential Profit: Affordable to start, with good margins and demand.

4. Selling Ladies’ and Children’s Clothing

  • Overview: Sell trendy and affordable clothing for women and children.
  • What You’ll Need:
  • Source clothes from wholesale markets like Kantamanto or Kumasi Central Market.
  • A small display table or sell from home and online.
  • How to Start:
  • Begin with popular items like dresses, tops, or children’s wear.
  • Promote on WhatsApp, Instagram, or Facebook.
  • Potential Profit: Reliable demand for clothing, especially for children.

5. Writing Articles Online

  • Overview: Write and publish articles or blog posts for online platforms.
  • What You’ll Need:
  • A smartphone or computer.
  • Internet access.
  • How to Start:
  • Join freelance writing platforms like Fiverr or Upwork.
  • Reach out to blogs or websites that pay for articles.
  • Potential Profit: Low startup cost with opportunities to grow over time.

6. Beads Making

  • Overview: Make and sell beads for jewelry, slippers, or decoration.
  • What You’ll Need: Beads, thread, and basic tools (costing around 200-400 Ghana cedis).
  • How to Start:
  • Learn basic bead-making techniques from YouTube or local workshops.
  • Sell at markets, online, or to friends.
  • Potential Profit: High demand for custom and colorful designs.

7. Homemade Makeup Business

  • Overview: Create simple makeup products like lip gloss or sell makeup services.
  • What You’ll Need:
  • Basic makeup tools and ingredients for DIY products.
  • How to Start:
  • Learn how to make makeup products online.
  • Offer services or products at events, salons, or online.
  • Potential Profit: High, as makeup is consistently in demand.

8. Selling Homemade Beverages at Programs

  • Overview: Sell drinks like sobolo, ginger drink, or fresh juices at events or gatherings.
  • What You’ll Need:
  • Ingredients (hibiscus leaves, ginger, sugar, etc.).
  • Bottles or cups for packaging.
  • How to Start:
  • Prepare beverages in bulk for programs like weddings or funerals.
  • Partner with event planners or sell directly.
  • Potential Profit: Low cost of production with good margins.

9. Babysitting Services

  • Overview: Offer babysitting services to busy parents.
  • What You’ll Need:
  • A safe and clean environment.
  • Toys and basic supplies (if babysitting from your home).
  • How to Start:
  • Advertise your services to neighbours, friends, and online groups.
  • Charge by the hour or day.
  • Potential Profit: Steady, especially for working parents.

10. Teaching on Weekends or Free Time

  • Overview: Provide tutoring for school children in subjects you’re good at.
  • What You’ll Need:
  • A small teaching space or the ability to visit students’ homes.
  • Teaching materials like textbooks and stationery.
  • How to Start:
  • Promote to parents in your area or community.
  • Teach in small groups or one-on-one sessions.
  • Potential Profit: Good, especially during exam periods.

NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL (NMC) IN THE UK – OSCE UPDATE

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NURSING AND MIDWIFERY COUNCIL (NMC) IN THE UK – OSCE UPDATE

The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) in the UK has introduced significant updates to the Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in 2024 to align with current clinical practices and enhance the exam’s relevance. Key updates include:

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  1. New Scenarios and Time Adjustments:

A new Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) station scenario focusing on Obesity Management has been added to reflect current healthcare priorities​

Time adjustments for specific stations:

Fluid Balance: Increased from 12 to 14 minutes.

Mid-Stream Urine (MSU) and Urinalysis: Increased from 8 to 12 minutes​

Nasopharyngeal Suctioning: Increased from 8 to 10 minutes​

HOW TO DETECT SCAM NURSING AGENCIES PROMISING OVERSEAS JOBS

  • Updated Tools and Guidelines:

Introduction of new Paediatric Early Warning Score (PEWS) charts, aligning the exam with updated national clinical standards in paediatric care.

Updates to the Aseptic Non-Touch Technique (ANTT) station:

Gloves and aprons are now required only when clinically necessary.

The “Clean hand – dirty hand” approach has been removed​

Suppository insertion has been removed from the Mental Health OSCE, replaced with a more relevant skill: Intramuscular Injection

Some high-fail-rate or less frequently used skills, such as CPR in adult scenarios, have been removed to reduce candidate stress and align assessments with clinical reality

  • Transition Period:

Candidates appearing before September 30, 2024, should continue using the older preparation materials. The new guidelines and materials will be fully implemented afterward​

WHICH COUNTRY IS GOOD FOR NURSING JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR OVERSEA NURSES?

  • Marking Criteria:

Updates to the marking criteria across specializations, ensuring assessments accurately reflect safe and effective nursing care​

Patient Life Matters; These changes are designed to ensure that OSCE remains a robust and relevant measure of a nurse’s clinical skills. For candidates preparing for the OSCE, detailed resources and guidance are available through training platforms and NMC updates.

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